|
| | 1. |
2009 Apr 02 |
Extreme variation in floral characters and its consequences for pollinator attraction among populations of an Andean cactus.
Schlumpberger BO, Cocucci AA, Moré M, Sérsic AN, Raguso RA
Ann. Bot. 2009 Jun;103(9):1489-500. Epub 2009 Apr 02.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A South American cactus species, Echinopsis ancistrophora (Cactaceae), with dramatic among-population variation in floral traits is presented. METHODS: Eleven populations of E. ancistrophora were studied in their habitats in northern Argentina, and comparisons were made of relevant floral traits such as depth, stigma position, nectar volume and sugar concentration, and anthesis time. Diurnal and nocturnal pollinator assemblages were evaluated for populations with different floral trait combinations. KEY RESULTS: Remarkable geographical variations in floral traits were recorded among the 11 populations throughout the distribution range of E. ancistrophora, with flower lengths ranging from 4.5 to 24.1 cm. Other floral traits associated with pollinator attraction also varied in a population-specific manner, in concert with floral depth. Populations with the shortest flowers showed morning anthesis and those with the longest flowers opened at dusk, whereas those with flowers of intermediate length opened at unusual times (2300-0600 h). Nectar production varied non-linearly with floral length; it was absent to low (population means up to 15 microL) in short- to intermediate-length flowers, but was high (population means up to 170 microL) in the longest tubed flowers. Evidence from light-trapping of moths, pollen carriage on their bodies and moth scale deposition on stigmas suggests that sphingid pollination is prevalent only in the four populations with the longest flowers, in which floral morphological traits and nectar volumes match the classic expectations for the hawkmoth pollination syndrome. All other populations, with flowers 4.5-15 cm long, were pollinated exclusively by solitary bees. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest incipient differentiation at the population level and local adaptation to either bee or hawkmoth (potentially plus bee) pollination.
[Pubmed: 19342397]
| | 2. |
2005 Aug 9 |
Lateral transfer of mating system in Stemphylium
Inderbitzin, Harkness, Turgeon, Berbee
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005 Aug 9;102(32):11390-11395.
Abstract
The fungal genus Stemphylium (Ascomycota) contains selfing species that evolved from outcrossing ancestors. To find out how selfing originated, we analyzed the Stemphylium MAT loci that regulate sexual reproduction in ascomycetes and compared MAT structures and phylogeny with a multigene Stemphylium species phylogeny. We found that some Stemphylium species' MAT loci contained a single gene, either MAT1-1 or MAT1-2, whereas others contained a unique fusion of the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 regions. In all fused MAT regions, MAT1-1 was inverted and joined to a forward-oriented MAT1-2 region. As in the closely related Cochliobolus, Stemphylium species with fused MAT regions were able to self. Structural and phylogenetic analyses of the MAT loci showed that the selfing-conferring fused MAT regions were monophyletic with strong support. However, in an organismal phylogeny of Stemphylium species based on 106 isolates and four loci unrelated to mating, selfing arose in two clades, each time with strong support. Isolates with identical fused MAT regions were present in both clades. We showed that a one-time origin of the fused MAT loci, followed by a horizontal transfer across lineages, was compatible with the data. Another group of selfers in Stemphylium only had forward-oriented MAT1-1 at their MAT loci, constituting an additional and third origin of selfing in Stemphylium.
[Pubmed: 16055562]
| | 3. |
2007 Aug |
Growth and Mycorrhizal Community Structure of Pinus sylvestris Seedlings following the Addition of Forest Litter▿
Aučina, Rudawska, Leski, Skridaila, Riepšas, Iwanski
Appl Environ Microbiol 2007 Aug;73(15):4867-4873.
Abstract
We report the effects of pine and oak litter on species composition and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing 2-year-old Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings grown in a bare-root nursery in Lithuania. A layer of pine or oak litter was placed on the surface of the nursery bed soil to mimic natural litter cover. Oak litter amendment appeared to be most favorable for seedling survival, with a 73% survival rate, in contrast to the untreated mineral bed soil (44%). The concentrations of total N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were higher in oak growth medium than in pine growth medium. Relative to the control (pH 6.1), the pH was lower in pine growth medium (5.8) and higher in oak growth medium (6.3). There were also twofold and threefold increases in the C content of growth medium with the addition of pine and oak litter, respectively. Among seven mycorrhizal morphotypes, eight different mycorrhizal taxa were identified: Suillus luteus, Suillus variegatus, Wilcoxina mikolae, a Tuber sp., a Tomentella sp., Cenococcum geophilum, Amphinema byssoides, and one unidentified ectomycorrhizal symbiont. Forest litter addition affected the relative abundance of mycorrhizal symbionts more than their overall representation. This was more pronounced for pine litter than for oak litter, with 40% and 25% increases in the abundance of suilloid mycorrhizae, respectively. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that changes in the supply of organic matter through litter manipulation may have far-reaching effects on the chemistry of soil, thus influencing the growth and survival of Scots pine seedlings and their mycorrhizal communities.
[Pubmed: 17575001]
| | 4. |
2010 Jan 11 |
Orthoptera, a new order of pollinator.
Micheneau C, Fournel J, Warren BH, Hugel S, Gauvin-Bialecki A, Pailler T, Strasberg D, Chase MW
Ann Bot. 2010 Jan 11; [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract
Background and Aims Pollinator-mediated selection and evolution of floral traits have long fascinated evolutionary ecologists. No other plant family shows as wide a range of pollinator-linked floral forms as Orchidaceae. In spite of the large size of this model family and a long history of orchid pollination biology, the identity and specificity of most orchid pollinators remains inadequately studied, especially in the tropics where the family has undergone extensive diversification. Angraecum (Vandeae, Epidendroideae), a large genus of tropical Old World orchids renowned for their floral morphology specialized for hawkmoth pollination, has been a model system since the time of Darwin. Methods The pollination biology of A. cadetii, an endemic species of the islands of Mauritius and Reunion (Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean) displaying atypical flowers for the genus (white and medium-size, but short-spurred) was investigated. Natural pollinators were observed by means of hard-disk camcorders. Pollinator-linked floral traits, namely spur length, nectar volume and concentration and scent production were also investigated. Pollinator efficiency (pollen removal and deposition) and reproductive success (fruit set) were quantified in natural field conditions weekly during the 2003, 2004 and 2005 flowering seasons (January to March). Key Results Angraecum cadetii is self-compatible but requires a pollinator to achieve fruit set. Only one pollinator species was observed, an undescribed species of raspy cricket (Gryllacrididae, Orthoptera). These crickets, which are nocturnal foragers, reached flowers by climbing up leaves of the orchid or jumping across from neighbouring plants and probed the most 'fresh-looking' flowers on each plant. Visits to flowers were relatively long (if compared with the behaviour of birds or hawkmoths), averaging 16.5 s with a maximum of 41.0 s. At the study site of La Plaine des Palmistes (Pandanus forest), 46.5 % of flowers had pollen removed and 27.5 % had pollinia deposited on stigmas. The proportion of flowers that set fruit ranged from 11.9 % to 43.4 %, depending of the sites sampled across the island. Conclusions Although orthopterans are well known for herbivory, this represents the first clearly supported case of orthopteran-mediated pollination in flowering plants.
[Pubmed: 20067913]
| | 5. |
2009 |
A molecular phylogenetic reappraisal of the Hysteriaceae,
Mytilinidiaceae and Gloniaceae (Pleosporomycetidae,
Dothideomycetes) with keys to world species
Boehm, Mugambi, Miller, Huhndorf, Marincowitz, Spatafora, Schoch
Stud Mycol 2009;64:49-83-S3.
Abstract
A reappraisal of the phylogenetic integrity of bitunicate ascomycete fungi
belonging to or previously affiliated with the Hysteriaceae,
Mytilinidiaceae, Gloniaceae and Patellariaceae is
presented, based on an analysis of 121 isolates and four nuclear genes, the
ribosomal large and small subunits, transcription elongation factor 1 and the
second largest RNA polymerase II subunit. A geographically diverse and high
density taxon sampling strategy was employed, including multiple
isolates/species from the following genera: Anteaglonium (6/4),
Encephalographa (1/1), Farlowiella (3/1),
Gloniopsis (8/4), Glonium (4/2), Hysterium (12/5),
Hysterobrevium (14/3), Hysterographium (2/1),
Hysteropatella (2/2), Lophium (4/2), Mytilinidion
(13/10), Oedohysterium (5/3), Ostreichnion (2/2),
Patellaria (1/1), Psiloglonium (11/3), Quasiconcha
(1/1), Rhytidhysteron (8/3), and 24 outgroup taxa. Sequence data
indicate that although the Hysteriales are closely related to the
Pleosporales, sufficient branch support exists for their separation
into separate orders within the Pleosporomycetidae. The
Mytilinidiales are more distantly related within the subclass and
show a close association with the Gloniaceae. Although there are
examples of concordance between morphological and molecular data, these are
few. Molecular data instead support the premise of a large number of
convergent evolutionary lineages, which do not correspond to previously held
assumptions of synapomorphy relating to spore morphology. Thus, within the
Hysteriaceae, the genera Gloniopsis, Glonium,
Hysterium and Hysterographium are highly polyphyletic. This
necessitated the transfer of two species of Hysterium to
Oedohysterium gen. nov. (Od. insidens comb.
nov. and Od. sinense comb. nov.), the description of a new
species, Hysterium barrianum sp. nov., and the transfer of
two species of Gloniopsis to Hysterobrevium gen.
nov. (Hb. smilacis comb. nov. and Hb.
constrictum comb. nov.). While Hysterographium, with
the type Hg. fraxini, is removed from the Hysteriaceae, some
of its species remain within the family, transferred here to
Oedohysterium (Od. pulchrum comb. nov.),
Hysterobrevium (Hb. mori comb. nov.) and
Gloniopsis (Gp. subrugosa comb. nov.); the latter
genus, in addition to the type, Gp. praelonga, with two new species,
Gp. arciformis sp. nov. and Gp. kenyensis sp. nov.
The genus Glonium is now divided into Anteaglonium
(Pleosporales), Glonium (Gloniaceae), and
Psiloglonium (Hysteriaceae). The hysterothecium has evolved
convergently no less than five times within the Pleosporomycetidae
(e.g., Anteaglonium, Farlowiella, Glonium,
Hysterographium and the Hysteriaceae). Similarly,
thin-walled mytilinidioid (e.g., Ostreichnion) and patellarioid
(e.g., Rhytidhysteron) genera, previously in the
Mytilinidiaceae and Patellariaceae, respectively,
transferred here to the Hysteriaceae, have also evolved at least
twice within the subclass. As such, character states traditionally considered
to represent synapomorphies among these fungi, whether they relate to spore
septation or the ascomata, in fact, represent symplesiomorphies, and most
likely have arisen multiple times through convergent evolutionary processes in
response to common selective pressures.
[Pubmed: 20169023]
| | 6. |
2009 |
Molecular taxonomy of bambusicolous fungi: Tetraplosphaeriaceae,
a new pleosporalean family with Tetraploa-like anamorphs
Tanaka, Hirayama, Yonezawa, Hatakeyama, Harada, Sano, Shirouzu, Hosoya
Stud Mycol 2009;64:175-209.
Abstract
A new pleosporalean family Tetraplosphaeriaceae is established to
accommodate five new genera; 1) Tetraplosphaeria with small ascomata
and anamorphs belonging to Tetraploa s. str., 2)
Triplosphaeria characterised by hemispherical ascomata with rim-like
side walls and anamorphs similar to Tetraploa but with three conidial
setose appendages, 3) Polyplosphaeria with large ascomata surrounded
by brown hyphae and anamorphs producing globose conidia with several setose
appendages, 4) Pseudotetraploa, an anamorphic genus, having
obpyriform conidia with pseudosepta and four to eight setose appendages, and
5) Quadricrura, an anamorphic genus, having globose conidia with one
or two long setose appendages at the apex and four to five short setose
appendages at the base. Fifteen new taxa in these genera mostly collected from
bamboo are described and illustrated. They are linked by their Tetraploa
s. l. anamorphs. To infer phylogenetic placement in the
Pleosporales, analyses based on a combined dataset of small- and
large-subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (SSU+LSU nrDNA) was carried out.
Tetraplosphaeriaceae, however, is basal to the main pleosporalean
clade and therefore its relationship with other existing families was not
completely resolved. To evaluate the validity of each taxon and to clarify the
phylogenetic relationships within this family, further analyses using
sequences from ITS-5.8S nrDNA (ITS), transcription elongation factor 1-α
(TEF), and β-tubulin (BT), were also conducted. Monophyly of the family
and that of each genus were strongly supported by analyses based on a combined
dataset of the three regions (ITS+TEF+BT). Our results also suggest that
Tetraplosphaeria (anamorph: Tetraploa s. str.) is an
ancestral lineage within this family. Taxonomic placement of the bambusicolous
fungi in Astrosphaeriella, Kalmusia, Katumotoa, Massarina,
Ophiosphaerella, Phaeosphaeria, Roussoella, Roussoellopsis, and
Versicolorisporium, are also discussed based on the SSU+LSU
phylogeny.
[Pubmed: 20169030]
| | 7. |
2004 Nov |
Phenylpropanosids, lignans and other constituents from Cremanthodium ellisii.
Wang AX, Zhang Q, Jia ZJ
Pharmazie. 2004 Nov;59(11):889-92.
Abstract
Together with twenty-six known compounds, a new phenylpropanosid, named cremanthodioside, was isolated from the whole plant of Cremanthodium ellisii Kitam. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods MS, IR, UV, NMR, including 2D NMR techniques, and by chemical methods. The anti-bacterial activity of compounds 1-6 and the anti-tumor activity of compound 1 were tested.
[Pubmed: 15587595]
| | 8. |
1999 May |
Femur osteomyelitis due to a mixed fungal infection in a previously healthy man.
Cimerman M, Gunde-Cimerman N, Zalar P, Perkovic T
J. Clin. Microbiol. 1999 May;37(5):1532-5.
Abstract
We describe a previously healthy, 22-year-old man who, after a closed fracture of the femur and subsequent operation, developed chronic osteomyelitis. Within a few days, infected bone fragments, bone, and wound drainage repeatedly yielded three different filamentous fungi: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Chalara ellisii. Histologic examination of the bone revealed septate hyphae. After sequential necrotomies of the femur and irrigation-suction drainage with added antimycotic therapy, the infection ceased and the fracture healed. This case is unique in that it is the only known instance in which a long bone was affected in an immunocompetent individual, with no evidence of any systemic infection, by a mixed population of two different Aspergillus spp. and the rare filamentous fungus C. ellisii. Environmental factors that could potentiate the infection include blood and edema fluid resulting from the surgical procedure and the presence of the osteosynthetic plate.
[Pubmed: 10203517]
| | 9. |
1997 Jun |
Two new oplopanol esters from Cremanthodium ellisii.
Chen H, Jia ZJ, Tan RX
Planta Med. 1997 Jun;63(3):245-7.
Abstract
Two new sesquiterpenoids have been isolated from Cremanthodium ellisii Kitam. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral analysis (IR, MS, 1H-1H COSY, NOESY, 1H-13C COSY, and COLOC) and chemical evidence.
[Pubmed: 17252351]
| | 10. |
1999 May 11 |
Evolution of the fungal self-fertile reproductive life style from self-sterile ancestors
Yun, Berbee, Yoder, Turgeon
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999 May 11;96(10):5592-5597.
Abstract
In most fungal ascomycetes, mating is controlled by a single locus (MAT). Fungi requiring a partner to mate are heterothallic (self-sterile); those not requiring a partner are homothallic (self-fertile). Structural analyses of MAT sequences from homothallic and heterothallic Cochliobolus species support the hypothesis that heterothallism is ancestral. Homothallic species carry both MAT genes in a single nucleus, usually closely linked or fused, in contrast to heterothallic species, which have alternate MAT genes in different nuclei. The structural organization of MAT from all heterothallic species examined is highly conserved; in contrast, the organization of MAT in each homothallic species is unique. The mechanism of conversion from heterothallism to homothallism is a recombination event between islands of identity in otherwise dissimilar MAT sequences. Expression of a fused MAT gene from a homothallic species confers self-fertility on a MAT-null strain of a heterothallic species, suggesting that MAT alone is sufficient to change reproductive life style.
[Pubmed: 10318929]
| | 11. |
2010 Jul 7 |
Predictable patterns of trait mismatches between interacting plants and insects
Anderson, Terblanche, Ellis
BMC Evol Biol 2010 Jul 7;10:204. published online before print
Abstract
There are few predictions about the directionality or extent of morphological trait (mis)matches between interacting organisms. We review and analyse studies on morphological trait complementarity (e.g. floral tube length versus insect mouthpart length) at the population and species level.
[Pubmed: 20604973]
| | 12. |
2010 Jun 01 |
Description and identification of Alnus acuminata ectomycorrhizae from Argentinean alder stands.
Pritsch K, Becerra A, Põlme S, Tedersoo L, Schloter M, Agerer R
Mycologia.;102(6):1263-73. Epub 2010 Jun 01.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the morphological and anatomical features of five unidentified ectomycorrhizal types of Alnus acuminata and to complement their identification based on ITS-rDNA sequence analysis. The combined approach of morphotyping and sequence analysis based on ITS sequence comparison with sequences contained in GenBank and the UNITE database let us assign three of the five field-collected ectomycorrhiza morphotypes to the tomentella-thelephora lineage that closely matched European and North American species. The sequencing results within Tomentella point toward alder specific clades within T. sublilacina, T. ellisii and T. stuposa sensu lato. The two other EcM morphotypes matched Lactarius omphaliiformis and a Russula sp. Better focused, concomitant fruit body surveys are needed for accurate identification of South American ectomycorrhizal fungi because of the evidence of cryptic speciation in both agaricoid and resupinate mycobionts.
[Pubmed: 20943556]
| | 13. |
2010 May 21 |
Impact of wildfire return interval on the ectomycorrhizal resistant propagules communities of a Mediterranean open forest.
Buscardo E, Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Martín MP, De Angelis P, Pereira JS, Freitas H
Fungal Biol. 2010 Aug;114(8):628-36. Epub 2010 May 21.
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, in particular their spores and other resistant propagules, play an important role in secondary succession processes that facilitate regeneration after disturbance events. In this study, the effects of high and low wildfire frequencies (respectively short and long fire return intervals) on the resistant propagules communities (RPCs) of a Mediterranean open pine forest were compared. Soil samples were collected in four mountain sites with different fire return intervals and used to test ectomycorrhiza development in two hosts, Pinus pinaster and Quercus suber. RPCs were characterized by direct sequencing of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions from individual ECM root tips. Eighteen ECM species were detected in the bioassay. The most frequently found fungi were Cenococcum geophilum, Inocybe jacobi, Thelephora terrestris, Tomentella ellisii on both hosts and Rhizopogon luteolus and R. roseolus on maritime pine. A short fire return interval reduced the species richness of the ECM community found on Q. suber, promoted species like R. roseolus and reduced the abundance of other species (e.g. R. luteolus). The abundance of I. jacobi was positively affected by long fire return interval, but decreased significantly with recurrent fires. These results indicate that changes in fire frequency can alter the structure, composition and diversity of ECM communities, which could compromise the resilience of the ecosystem in highly disturbed areas.
[Pubmed: 20943174]
| | 14. |
2010 Nov |
Phylogeny and biogeography of Allium (Amaryllidaceae: Allieae) based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast rps16 sequences, focusing on the inclusion of species endemic to China.
Li QQ, Zhou SD, He XJ, Yu Y, Zhang YC, Wei XQ
Ann. Bot. 2010 Nov;106(5):709-33.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The genus Allium comprises more than 800 species, placing it among the largest monocotyledonous genera. It is a variable group that is spread widely across the Holarctic region. Previous studies of Allium have been useful in identifying and assessing its evolutionary lineages. However, there are still many gaps in our knowledge of infrageneric taxonomy and evolution of Allium. Further understanding of its phylogeny and biogeography will be achieved only through continued phylogenetic studies, especially of those species endemic to China that have often been excluded from previous analyses. Earlier molecular studies have shown that Chinese Allium is not monophyletic, so the goal of the present study was to infer the phylogeny and biogeography of Allium and to provide a classification of Chinese Allium by placement of Chinese species in the context of the entire phylogeny. METHODS: Phylogenetic studies were based on sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast rps16 intron, analysed using parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Biogeographical patterns were conducted using statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis (S-DIVA). KEY RESULTS: Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Allium is monophyletic and consists of three major clades. Optimal reconstructions have favoured the ancestors of Amerallium, Anguinum, Vvedenskya, Porphyroprason and Melanocrommyum as originating in eastern Asia. CONCLUSIONS: Phylogenetic analyses reveal that Allium is monophyletic but that some subgenera are not. The large genetic distances imply that Allium is of ancient origin. Molecular data suggest that its evolution proceeded along three separate evolutionary lines. S-DIVA indicates that the ancestor of Amerallium, Anguinum, Vvedenskya, Porphyroprason and Melanocrommyum originated from eastern Asia and underwent different biogeographical pathways. A taxonomic synopsis of Chinese Allium at sectional level is given, which divides Chinese Allium into 13 subgenera and 34 sections.
[Pubmed: 20966186]
| | 15. |
2010 Dec 8 |
Tracing the Origin of the Fungal α1 Domain Places Its Ancestor in the HMG-Box Superfamily: Implication for Fungal Mating-Type Evolution
Martin, Lu, van Tilbeurgh, Ripoll, Dixelius, Turgeon, Debuchy
PLoS One 2010 Dec 8;5(12). published online before print
Abstract
Fungal mating types in self-incompatible Pezizomycotina are specified by one of two alternate sequences occupying the same locus on corresponding chromosomes. One sequence is characterized by a gene encoding an HMG protein, while the hallmark of the other is a gene encoding a protein with an α1 domain showing similarity to the Matα1p protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA-binding HMG proteins are ubiquitous and well characterized. In contrast, α1 domain proteins have limited distribution and their evolutionary origin is obscure, precluding a complete understanding of mating-type evolution in Ascomycota. Although much work has focused on the role of the S. cerevisiae Matα1p protein as a transcription factor, it has not yet been placed in any of the large families of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins.
[Pubmed: 21170349]
| | 16. |
|
Amphirosellinia gen. nov. and a new species of Entoleuca.
Ju YM, Rogers JD, Hsieh HM, Vasilyeva L
Mycologia.;96(6):1393-402.
Abstract
The new genus Amphirosellinia is erected to include five xylariaceous fungi with erumpent or immersed perithecioid stromata. Amphirosellinia fushanensis, A. nigrospora and A. tennesseensis are newly described, whereas A. evansii and A. quercina are new combinations. Synnematous, geniculosporium-like anamorphs are known for A. fushanensis, A. nigrospora, A. tennesseensis and A. evansii; the anamorph of the latter species was produced on natural substratum, whereas those of the former three species were produced in culture. Dichotomous keys are presented for the Amphirosellinia species and for some genera that might be confused with Amphirosellinia. Entoleuca ellisii also is described as new. It readily can be separated from the known species in the genus by its smaller ascospore size range and short ascospore germ slit.
[Pubmed: 21148963]
| | 17. |
2011 |
Monilochaetes and allied genera of the Glomerellales,
and a reconsideration of families in the Microascales
Réblová, Gams, Seifert
Stud Mycol 2011;68:163-191.
Abstract
We examined the phylogenetic relationships of two species that mimic
Chaetosphaeria in teleomorph and anamorph morphologies,
Chaetosphaeria tulasneorum with a Cylindrotrichum
anamorph and Australiasca queenslandica with a Dischloridium
anamorph. Four data sets were analysed: a) the internal transcribed spacer
region including ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 (ITS), b) nc28S (ncLSU) rDNA, c)
nc18S (ncSSU) rDNA, and d) a combined data set of ncLSU-ncSSU-RPB2 (ribosomal
polymerase B2). The traditional placement of Ch. tulasneorum in the
Microascales based on ncLSU sequences is unsupported and
Australiasca does not belong to the Chaetosphaeriaceae. Both
holomorph species are nested within the Glomerellales. A new genus,
Reticulascus, is introduced for Ch. tulasneorum with
associated Cylindrotrichum anamorph; another species of
Reticulascus and its anamorph in Cylindrotrichum are
described as new. The taxonomic structure of the Glomerellales is
clarified and the name is validly published. As delimited here, it includes
three families, the Glomerellaceae and the newly described
Australiascaceae and Reticulascaceae. Based on ITS and ncLSU
rDNA sequence analyses, we confirm the synonymy of the anamorph genera
Dischloridium with Monilochaetes. Consequently
Dischloridium laeënse, type species of the genus, and three
related species are transferred to the older genus Monilochaetes. The
teleomorph of D. laeënse is described in Australiasca
as a new species. The Plectosphaerellaceae, to which the anamorph
genus Stachylidium is added, is basal to the Glomerellales
in the three-gene phylogeny. Stilbella annulata also belongs to this
family and is newly combined in Acrostalagmus. Phylogenetic analyses
based on ncLSU, ncSSU, and combined ncLSU-ncSSU-RPB2 sequences clarify family
relationships within the Microascales. The family
Ceratocystidaceae is validated as a strongly supported monophyletic
group consisting of Ceratocystis, Cornuvesica,
Thielaviopsis, and the type species of Ambrosiella. The new
family Gondwanamycetaceae, a strongly supported sister clade to the
Ceratocystidaceae, is introduced for the teleomorph genus
Gondwanamyces and its Custingophora anamorphs. Four families
are accepted in the Microascales, namely the
Ceratocystidaceae, Gondwanamycetaceae,
Halosphaeriaceae, and Microascaceae. Because of a suggested
affinity of a Faurelina indica isolate to the Microascales,
the phylogenetic position of the Chadefaudiellaceae is reevaluated.
Based on the results from a separate ncLSU analysis of the
Dothideomycetes, Faurelina is excluded from the
Microascales and placed in the Pleosporales.
[Pubmed: 21523193]
| | 18. |
2011 Apr 11 |
Field monitoring the seasonal variation in Albatrellus ellisii mycelium abundance with a species-specific genetic marker.
Gordon M, Apple C
Mycologia.;103(5):950-8. Epub 2011 Apr 11.
Abstract
The conservation of rare fungal sites occurring on actively managed forest lands requires efficient site monitoring methods. In this study species-specific primers for the putatively mycorrhizal Albatrellus ellisii (Russulales) were developed so that DNA extracted from soil samples at known sites of this fungus could be tested for the presence of A. ellisii mycelium with PCR. This method was used to measure seasonal changes in the levels of A. ellisii mycelium at three study sites while the utility of this monitoring method was assessed. We found that A. ellisii maintained a constant level of soil occupancy over three seasons, except at one site where mycelium abundance increased in the fall. No reduction in abundance was seen in the summer, although all three sites experienced significant summer drought. We found species-specific genetic marker detection to be an effective and practical method for monitoring the mycelial distribution of a target fungus in soil. The ability to obtain this data from rare fungal sites advances our capability to conserve these fungi, particularly within the managed forest landscape.
[Pubmed: 21482627]
| | 19. |
2011 Jul 01 |
Arcobacter ellisii sp. nov., isolated from mussels.
Figueras MJ, Levican A, Collado L, Inza MI, Yustes C
Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 2011 Sep;34(6):414-8. Epub 2011 Jul 01.
Abstract
As part of a study carried out for detecting Arcobacter spp. in shellfish, three mussel isolates that were Gram-negative slightly curved rods, non-spore forming, showed a new 16S rDNA-RFLP pattern with a specific identification method for the species of this genus. Sequences of the 16S rRNA gene and those of the housekeeping genes rpoB, gyrB and hsp60 provided evidence that these mussel strains belonged to an unknown genetic lineage within the genus Arcobacter. The similarity between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the representative strain (F79-6(T)) and type strains of the other Arcobacter species ranged between 94.1% with A. halophilus and 99.1% with the recently proposed species A. defluvii (CECT 7697(T)). DDH results between strain F79-6(T) and the type strain of the latter species were below 70% (53±3.0%). Phenotypic characteristics together with MALDITOF mass spectra differentiated the new mussel strains from all other Arcobacter species. All the results indicate that these strains represent a new species, for which the name Arcobacter ellisii sp. nov. with the type strain F79-6(T) (=CECT 7837(T)=LMG 26155(T)) is proposed.
[Pubmed: 21723060]
| | 20. |
2001 May |
New glycosphingolipid containing an unusual sphingoid base from the basidiomycete Polyporus ellisii.
Gao JM, Hu L, Dong ZJ, Liu JK
Lipids. 2001 May;36(5):521-7.
Abstract
A new 9-methyl-sphinga-4,8-dienine-containing glucocerebroside (1), together with two additional known analogs, cerebrosides B and D, was isolated from the chloroform-soluble lipid fraction of the ethanol and chloroform/methanol extract of the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Polyporus ellisii Berk. and characterized. The structure and relative stereochemistry of the new compound were identified as (2S,3R,4E,8E-1-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-hydroxy-2-[(R)-2'-hydroxyheptadecanoyl]amino-9-methyl-4,8-octadecadiene by means of spectroscopic (1H,13C, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance; mass spectrometry) and chemical methods.
[Pubmed: 11432466]
| | 21. |
2000 Apr |
Nor-lignan and sesquiterpenes from Cremanthodium ellisii.
Su BN, Zhu QX, Jia ZJ
Phytochemistry. 2000 Apr;53(8):1103-8.
Abstract
A nor-lignan and two sesquiterpenes, along with six known compounds, have been isolated from the medicinal plant Cremanthodium ellisii. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral evidence, especially 2D NMR (1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC).
[Pubmed: 10820839]
| | 22. |
2011 Dec 05 |
Structural Analysis of Fungal Cerebrosides
Barreto-Bergter, Sassaki, de Souza
Front Microbiol 2011 Dec 05;2. published online before print
Abstract
Of the ceramide monohexosides (CMHs), gluco- and galactosyl-ceramides are the main neutral glycosphingolipids expressed in fungal cells. Their structural determination is greatly dependent on the use of mass spectrometric techniques, including fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization, and energy collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. Nuclear magnetic resonance has also been used successfully. Such a combination of techniques, combined with classical analytical separation, such as high-performance thin layer chromatography and column chromatography, has led to the structural elucidation of a great number of fungal CMHs. The structure of fungal CMH is conserved among fungal species and consists of a glucose or galactose residue attached to a ceramide moiety containing 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine with an amidic linkage to hydroxylated fatty acids, most commonly having 16 or 18 carbon atoms and unsaturation between C-3 and C-4. Along with their unique structural characteristics, fungal CMHs have a peculiar subcellular distribution and striking biological properties. Fungal cerebrosides were also characterized as antigenic molecules directly or indirectly involved in cell growth or differentiation in Schizophyllum commune, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pseudallescheria boydii, Candida albicans, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Besides classical techniques for cerebroside (CMH) analysis, we now describe new approaches, combining conventional thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry, as well as emerging technologies for subcellular localization and distribution of glycosphingolipids by secondary ion mass spectrometry and imaging matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight.
[Pubmed: 22164155]
| | 23. |
2012 Mar 06 |
Arcobacter bivalviorum sp. nov. and Arcobacter venerupis sp. nov., new species isolated from shellfish.
Levican A, Collado L, Aguilar C, Yustes C, Diéguez AL, Romalde JL, Figueras MJ
Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 2012 May;35(3):133-8. Epub 2012 Mar 06.
Abstract
A group of ten Arcobacter isolates (Gram negative, slightly curved motile rods, oxidase positive) was recovered from mussels (nine) and from clams (one). These isolates could not be assigned to any known species using the molecular identification methods specific for this genus (16S rDNA-RFLP and m-PCR). The aim of this study is to establish the taxonomic position of these isolates. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of mussel strain F4(T) to the type strains of all other Arcobacter species ranged from 91.1% to 94.8%. The species most similar to the clams' strain F67-11(T) were Arcobacter defluvii (CECT 7697(T), 97.1%) and Arcobacter ellisii (CECT 7837(T), 97.0%). On the basis of phylogenetic analyses with 16S rRNA, rpoB, gyrB and hsp60 genes, the mussel and clam strains formed two different, new lineages within the genus Arcobacter. These data, together with their different phenotypic characteristics and MALDI-TOF mass spectra, revealed that these strains represent two new species, for which the names Arcobacter bivalviorum (type strain F4(T)=CECT 7835(T)=LMG 26154(T)) and Arcobacter venerupis (type strain F67-11(T)=CECT 7836(T)=LMG 26156(T)) are proposed.
[Pubmed: 22401779]
| | 24. |
2012 Mar 16 |
Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) in Pb-Zn mine sites of central south China.
Huang J, Nara K, Lian C, Zong K, Peng K, Xue S, Shen Z
Mycorrhiza. 2012 Mar 16; [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract
To advance our understanding of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in mining areas, the diversity and composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) and soil chemistry were investigated in Taolin lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) mine tailings (TLT), two fragmented forest patches in a Huayuan Pb-Zn mineland (HY1 and HY2), and a non-polluted forest in Taolin in central south China. Ectomycorrhizal fungal species were identified by morphotyping and sequence analyses of the internally transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA. The two study sites in the Huayuan mineland (HY1 and HY2) were significantly different in soil Pb, Zn, and cadmium (Cd) concentrations, but no significant difference was observed in ectomycorrhizal colonization, ectomycorrhizal fungal richness, diversity, or rank-abundance. In addition, the similarity of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities between HY1 and HY2 was quite high (Sørensen similarity index = 0.47). Thus, the concentration of heavy metals may not be determining factors in the structure of these communities. In the tailings, however, significantly lower ectomycorrhizal colonization and ectomycorrhizal fungal richness were observed. The amounts of Pb and Zn in the tailing sand were higher than the non-polluted forest but far lower than in HY1. Thus, these heavy metals did not account for the reduced colonization and ectomycorrhizal fungal richness in TLT. The ectomycorrhizal fungal community in TLT was dominated by four pioneer species (Rhizopogon buenoi, Tomentella ellisii, Inocybe curvipes, and Suillus granulatus), which collectively accounted for 93.2 % of root tip colonization. The immature soil conditions in tailing (low N and P, sand texture, and lack of organic matter) may only allow certain pioneer ectomycorrhizal fungal species to colonize the site. When soil samples from four sites were combined, we found that the occurrences of major ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa were not clearly related to the concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd. In conclusion, our results suggest that ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in mining areas are not necessarily affected by heavy metals themselves but could be largely determined by soil maturity.
[Pubmed: 22421813]
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