|
| | 1. |
2007 Jan 30 |
Ethnobotany in the Cumbres de Monterrey National Park, Nuevo León, México
Estrada, Villarreal, Cantú, Cabral, Scott, Yen
J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine 2007 Jan 30;3:8. published online before print
Abstract
An ethnobotanical study in the Cumbres de Monterrey National Park (CMNP), Nuevo Leon, Mexico was conducted. In spite of the large area (1,773.7 km2), heterogeneous physiography, contrasting plant communities and high species diversity of the CMNP, very little was previously known about its useful plants. Based on 95 interviews with inhabitants of the region who were 35 years or older, we recorded ethnobotanical data of 240 species (comprising 170 genera and 69 botanical families), and 146 different uses. Most of the cited uses (98) were found to be medicinal ones.
[Pubmed: 17263889]
| | 2. |
1977 Sep |
Effects of Temperature on the Hill Reaction and Photophosphorylation in Isolated Cactus Chloroplasts 1
Gerwick, Williams, Uribe
Plant Physiol 1977 Sep;60(3):430-432.
Abstract
Chloroplasts isolated from Opuntia polyacantha Haw. (Cactaceae) are capable of noncyclic electron transport and ATP synthesis. Hill reaction rates, measured by O2 evolution or by ferricyanide reduction, increase with increasing temperature to approximately 40 C. The temperature optimum of NADP reduction is 42 C while the optimum for noncyclic photophosphorylation is 35 C. NADP-linked phosphorylation exhibits a higher coupling ratio (P/e2) than ferricyanide-linked photophosphorylation. The temperature optima for photochemical energy production correlate with photosynthetic properties of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants and are discussed in relation to the operation of CAM at high tissue temperature.
[Pubmed: 16660107]
| | 3. |
1994 Oct 25 |
Historical development of ornithophily in the western North American flora.
Grant
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994 Oct 25;91(22):10407-10411.
Abstract
The 129 ornithophilous plant species in western North America have floristic affinities with one or the other of four geofloras: the Arcto-Tertiary flora (101 species), Madro-Tertiary flora (19 species), Madrean-Tethyan flora (8 species), and Neotropical flora (1 species). The last three floras have been in continuous contact with hummingbirds since some time early in the Tertiary, and ornithophily is old in this subset of western ornithophilous plants. The Arcto-Tertiary flora had no contact with hummingbirds in Eurasia or in its early history in North America. Ornithophily is a new condition in Arcto-Tertiary plant groups, dating from the first significant contact of these plants with hummingbirds in the Eocene. Buildup of the hummingbird pollination system in the Arcto-Tertiary flora is expected to be gradual and stepwise for several reasons. Ornithophilous plant groups with Arcto-Tertiary affinities in the modern western flora form a graded series with respect to taxonomic rank, taxonomic size, and ecological diversity. The series consists of one large genus (Castilleja), three small genera (Zauschneria, etc.), species groups in several genera (Penstemon, Aquilegia, etc.), single ornithophilous species in otherwise nonornithophilous genera (seven genera--e.g., Pedicularis, Monardella), and ornithophilous races in otherwise nonornithophilous species (known in two species). It is suggested that the gradations in size of the groups approximately reflect stages in their development, with the largest ornithophilous genus being oldest, with single ornithophilous species being relatively recent, and with ornithophilous races being most recent. The observed distribution of numbers of ornithophilous species among genera is in agreement with the expectation of a gradual and stepwise development of ornithophily.
[Pubmed: 7937964]
| | 4. |
2002 Dec 07 |
Epidermal and hypodermal characteristics in North American Cactoideae (Cactaceae).
Loza-Cornejo S, Terrazas T
J. Plant Res. 2003 Feb;116(1):27-35. Epub 2002 Dec 07.
Abstract
Dermal and hypodermal anatomical features of 70 species representing 21 genera of North American Cactoideae were studied. Results show that all species examined have parallelocytic stomata and anticlinal wall surface varies from straight to undulate. Cuticle thickness is mostly narrow (1-10 microm) contrary to the general opinion that cuticle is thick in most cacti; however, few species such as Ariocarpus fissuratus and several species of Pachycereus show a distinctive thick cuticle. More than 80% of the species studied have a single-layered epidermis. Papillae occur in eight species belonging to four genera. Notable papillae are a feature shared by all members of Peniocereus subg. Peniocereus. Other species show a bullate surface produced by irregular patches of secondary epidermal cell divisions. Commonly, the hypodermis is composed of more than two cell layers with distinctive collenchymatous walls as reported in many South American species. Silica bodies, prismatic crystals, druses, sphaerocrystals, and tannins are the most common cellular inclusions that distinguish several genera and appear to have taxonomic value. However, a more thorough search in species of Cephalocereus, Coryphantha, Echinocereus, Mammillaria, Neobuxbaumia, Pilosocereus, and Turbinicarpus is needed to support the previous assertion.
[Pubmed: 12605297]
| | 5. |
1984 Mar |
Isotope Ratios of Cellulose from Plants Having Different Photosynthetic Pathways
Sternberg, Deniro, Johnson
Plant Physiol 1984 Mar;74(3):557-561.
Abstract
Hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios of cellulose nitrate and oxygen isotope ratios of cellulose from C3, C4, and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants were determined for plants growing within a small area in Val Verde County, Texas. Plants having CAM had distinctly higher deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratios than plants having C3 and C4 metabolism. When hydrogen isotope ratios are plotted against carbon isotope ratios, each photosynthetic mode separates into a distinct cluster of points. C4 plants had many D/H ratios similar to those of C3 plants, so that hydrogen isotope ratios cannot be used to distinguish between these two photosynthetic modes. Portulaca mundula, which may have a modified photosynthetic mode between C4 and CAM, had a hydrogen isotope ratio between those of the C4 and CAM plants. When oxygen isotope ratios are plotted against carbon isotope ratios, no distinct clustering of the C4 and CAM plants occurs. Thus, oxygen isotope ratios are not useful in distinguishing between these metabolic modes. A plot of hydrogen isotope ratios versus oxygen isotope ratios for this sample set shows considerable overlap between oxygen isotope ratios of the different photosynthetic modes without a concomitant overlap in the hydrogen isotope ratios of CAM and the other two photosynthetic modes. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that higher D/H ratios in CAM plants relative to C3 and C4 plants are due to isotopic fractionations occurring during biochemical reactions.
[Pubmed: 16663460]
| | 6. |
1985 Sep |
Physiological Potential for Survival of Propagules of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Species 1
Holthe, Szarek
Plant Physiol 1985 Sep;79(1):219-224.
Abstract
Terminal stem joints from three opuntias were detached and maintained for 160 days under natural climatic conditions in the winter and summer. Neither Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) nor CAM-idling, as evidenced by a diurnal malate flux, was maintained throughout the two periods; ceasing earlier in the summer period. A 13 to 20% fresh weight loss occurred over the winter period, as opposed to a 30 to 40% loss over the summer period, although tissue water potentials remained above −1.5 megapascals. Chlorophyll and protein contents remained essentially constant in the winter but decreased in the summer. Starch content decreased slightly over the winter but more significantly over the summer. Mucilage content increased slightly in winter and declined slightly in summer. The initiation of rooting was found to be inversely related to spine density and dependent upon orientation and season. Comparison of these data suggest rooting coincided with the cessation of CAM-idling in both climatic periods and was uncoupled from the occurrence of precipitation. The physiological limit for survival of these propagules after detachment was lower than anticipated being of only a few months' duration.
[Pubmed: 16664374]
| | 7. |
1980 Feb |
Characteristics of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in the Succulent C4 Dicot, Portulaca oleracea L. 1
Koch, Kennedy
Plant Physiol 1980 Feb;65(2):193-197.
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) was investigated in leaves and stems of the succulent C4 dicot Portulaca oleracea L. Diurnal acid fluctuations, CO2 gas exchange, and leaf resistance were monitored under various photoperiod and watering regimes. No CAM activity was seen in well watered plants grown under 16-hour days. Under 8-hour days, however, well watered plants showed a CAM-like pattern of acid fluctuation with amplitudes of 102 and 90 microequivalents per gram fresh weight for leaves and stems, respectively. Similar patterns were also observed in detached leaves and defoliated stems. Leaf resistance values indicated that stomata were open during part of the dark period, but night acidification most likely resulted from refixation of respiratory CO2. In water-stressed plants maximum acid accumulations were reduced under both long and short photoperiods. At night, these plants showed short periods of net CO2 uptake and stomatal opening which continued all night long during preliminary studies under natural environmental conditions. Greatest acid fluctuations, in P. oleracea, with amplitudes of 128 microequivalents per gram fresh weight, were observed in water-stressed plants which had been rewatered, especially when grown under short days. No net CO2 uptake took place, but stomata remained open throughout the night under these conditions. These results indicate that under certain conditions, such as water stress or short photoperiods, P. oleracea is capable of developing an acid metabolism with many similarities to CAM.
[Pubmed: 16661159]
| | 8. |
1986 Oct |
Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Ratios of Water from Photosynthetic Tissues of CAM and C3 Plants 1
Sternberg, Deniro, Johnson
Plant Physiol 1986 Oct;82(2):428-431.
Abstract
Water samples from photosynthetic tissues of C3 and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants that grew together in the field were extracted and the stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios determined. During the day, 18O/16O and deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratios of water from CAM plants were lower than those observed in water from C3 plants. The patterns of diurnal variation (or lack thereof) in isotope ratios of plant water are consistent with the gross anatomical and physiological characteristics of the plants studied here. Our observations support the previously advanced hypothesis that high D/H ratios in cellulose nitrate prepared from CAM plants relative to those for C3 plants are not caused by greater deuterium enrichment in the water in CAM plants, but rather by isotopic fractionations associated with different biochemical reactions in the two types of plants.
[Pubmed: 16665046]
| | 9. |
1979 Jan |
Hallucinogenic plants of the Tarahumara.
Bye RA
J Ethnopharmacol. 1979 Jan;1(1):23-48.
Abstract
Plants used by the Mexican Tarahumara Indians to alter their perception are discussed from an ethnobotanical viewpoint. Reports from earlier workers are reviewed. Recent field work has corroborated many of the early observations. In addition, five Tarahumara plants are reported for the first time as hallucinogenic. They include species of Coryphantha, Echinocereus, Mammillaria, and Scirpus. Other plants are suspected of producing hallucinations or are associated with hallucinogenic plants.
[Pubmed: 544948]
| | 10. |
1984 Apr |
Characterization of Early Morning Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Opuntia erinacea var Columbiana (Griffiths) L. Benson 1
Littlejohn, Ku
Plant Physiol 1984 Apr;74(4):1050-1054.
Abstract
The nature and sequence of metabolic events during phase II (early morning) Crassulacean acid metabolism in Opuntia erinacea var columbiana (Griffiths) L. Benson were characterized. Gas exchange measurements under 2 and 21% O2 revealed increased O2 inhibition of CO2 fixation with progression of phase II. Malate and titratable acidity patterns indicated continued synthesis of C4 acids for at least 30 minutes into the light period. Potential activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and NADP-malic enzyme exhibited little change during phase II, while light activation of NADP-malate dehydrogenase, pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was apparent. Short-term 14CO2 fixation experiments showed that the per cent of 14C incorporated into C4 acids decreased while incorporation into other metabolites increased with time. PEPC exhibited increased sensitivity to 2 millimolar malate, and the Ki(malate) for PEPC decreased markedly with time. Sensitivity of PEPC to malate inhibition was considerably greater at pH 7.5 than at 8.0. The results indicate that decarboxylation and synthesis of malate occur simultaneously during the early morning period, and that phase II acid metabolism is not limited by CO2 diffusion through stomata. With progression of phase II, CO2 fixation by PEPC decreases while fixation by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase increases.
[Pubmed: 16663502]
| | 11. |
1977 Oct |
Thermal Energy Exchange Model and Water Loss of a Barrel Cactus, Ferocactus acanthodes.
Lewis DA, Nobel PS
Plant Physiol. 1977 Oct;60(4):609-616.
Abstract
The influences of various diurnal stomatal opening patterns, spines, and ribs on the stem surface temperature and water economy of a CAM succulent, the barrel cactus Ferocactus acanthodes, were examined using an energy budget model. To incorporate energy exchanges by shortwave and longwave irradiation, latent heat, conduction, and convection as well as the heat storage in the massive stem, the plant was subdivided into over 100 internal and external regions in the model. This enabled the average surface temperature to be predicted within 1 C of the measured temperature for both winter and summer days.Reducing the stem water vapor conductance from the values observed in the field to zero caused the average daily stem surface temperature to increase only 0.7 C for a winter day and 0.3 C for a summer day. Thus, latent heat loss does not substantially reduce stem temperature. Although the surface temperatures averaged 18 C warmer for the summer day than for the winter day for a plant 41 cm tall, the temperature dependence of stomatal opening caused the simulated nighttime water loss rates to be about the same for the 2 days.Spines moderated the amplitude of the diurnal temperature changes of the stem surface, since the daily variation was 17 C for the winter day and 25 C for the summer day with spines compared with 23 C and 41 C, respectively, in their simulated absence. Ribs reduced the daytime temperature rise by providing 54% more area for convective heat loss than for a smooth circumscribing surface. In a simulation where both spines and ribs were eliminated, the daytime average surface temperature rose by 5 C.
[Pubmed: 16660148]
| | 12. |
1970 Jul |
A Hummingbird-Pollinated Species of Boraginaceae in the Arizona Flora
Grant, Grant
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970 Jul;66(3):917-919.
Abstract
Marcomeria viridiflora (Boraginaceae) is pollinated by broad-tailed and rufous hummingbirds in the White Mountains of Arizona. This is the first hummingbird-pollinated member of the family Boraginaceae to be recorded in western North America. It provides one more example of a predominantly beepollinated plant group that has given rise to one or a few exceptional species of hummingbird flowers in western North America.
[Pubmed: 16578708]
| | 13. |
1978 Mar |
Responses of Succulents to Plant Water Stress 1
Hanscom, Ting
Plant Physiol 1978 Mar;61(3):327-330.
Abstract
Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that succulents “shift” their method of photosynthetic metabolism in response to environmental change. Our data showed that there were at least three different responses of succulents to plant water status. When plant water status of Portulacaria afra (L.) Jacq. was lowered either by withholding water or by irrigating with 2% NaCl, a change from C3-photosynthesis to Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) occurred. Fluctuation of titratable acidity and nocturnal CO2 uptake was induced in the stressed plants. Stressed Peperomia obtusifolia A. Dietr. plants showed a change from C3-photosynthesis to internal cycling of CO2. Acid fluctuation commenced in response to stress but exogenous CO2 uptake did not occur. Zygocactus truncatus Haworth plants showed a pattern of acid fluctuation and nocturnal CO2 uptake typical of CAM even when well irrigated. The cacti converted from CAM to an internal CO2 cycle similar to Peperomia when plants were water-stressed. Reverse phase gas exchange in succulents results in low water loss to carbon gain. Water is conserved and low levels of metabolic activity are maintained during drought periods by complete stomatal closure and continual fluctuation of organic acids.
[Pubmed: 16660285]
| | 14. |
1982 May |
Cactus alkaloids. XLVII. N alpha-dimethylhistamine, a hypotensive component of Echinocereus triglochidiatus.
Ferrigni NR, Nichols DE, McLaughlin JL, Bye RA
J Ethnopharmacol. 1982 May;5(3):359-64.
Abstract
Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm. var. neomexicanus (Standley) Standley ex W. T. Marshall is believed to cause psychotropic effects when consumed by the Mexican Tarahumara Indians. A phytochemical study was initiated with E. triglochidiatus Engelm. var. paucispinus Engelm. ex W. T. Marshall, which is more abundant in Texas. In the fractionated extracts three compounds, detected by thin-layer chromatography, were positive to Ehrlich's reagent, indicating the possible presence of indole alkaloids; however, a non-Erhlich positive alkaloid was crystallized as the dihydrochloride and subsequently identified (spectrometrically and via synthesis as N alpha, N alpha-dimethylhistamine dihydrochloride. The same compound was then detected chromatographically in the neomexicanus variety. This compound has peripheral hypotensive effects similar to histamine, and this action may help to explain the alleged psychotrophic effects of the cactus.
[Pubmed: 7087506]
| | 15. |
2006 Nov |
Structure–Function Relationships in Highly Modified Shoots of Cactaceae
MAUSETH
Ann Bot 2006 Nov;98(5):901-926.
Abstract
• Background and Aims Cacti are extremely diverse structurally and ecologically, and so modified as to be intimidating to many biologists. Yet all have the same organization as most dicots, none differs fundamentally from Arabidopsis or other model plants. This review explains cactus shoot structure, discusses relationships between structure, ecology, development and evolution, and indicates areas where research on cacti is necessary to test general theories of morphogenesis.
[Pubmed: 16820405]
| | 16. |
2010 Apr 15 |
Mutual reproductive dependence of distylic Cordia leucocephala (Cordiaceae) and oligolectic Ceblurgus longipalpis (Halictidae, Rophitinae) in the Caatinga.
Milet-Pinheiro P, Schlindwein C
Ann Bot. 2010 Apr 15; [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract
Background and Aims The close relationship between distylic Cordia leucocephala and the bee Ceblurgus longipalpis, both endemic to the Caatinga, north-east Brazil, was investigated, emphasizing reproductive dependence, morphological adaptations of the partners, and pollen flow. Methods In the municipality of Pedra, in the Caatinga of Pernambuco, the breeding system and reproductive success of C. leucocephala, its interaction with flower visitors and inter- and intramorph pollen flow were determined. Key Results The bee Ceblurgus longipalpis, the unique flower visitor and effective pollinator of self-incompatible Cordia leucocephala, presents morphological features adapted to exploit hidden pollen and nectar in the long and narrow corolla tubes. Pollen of low-level anthers is collected with hairs on prolonged mouthparts and pollen of high-level anthers with clypeus, mandibles, and labrum, showing pollen removal from both levels with the same effectiveness. In both morphs, this results in similar legitimate, i.e. intermorph cross-pollen flow. Illegitimate pollen flow to stigmas of pin flowers, however, was much higher than to stigmas of thrum flowers. Moreover, more illegitimate pollen was transported to stigmas of pin and less to those of thrum flowers when compared with legitimate pollen flow. Conclusions The study reveals a one-to-one reproductive inter-dependence between both partners. Data indicate that this relationship between bee species and plant species is one of the rare cases of monolecty among bees. Monotypic Ceblurgus longipalpis, the only rophitine species of Brazil, evolved prolonged mouthparts rare among short-tongued bees that enable them to access pollen from flowers with short-level anthers hidden for bees of other species, and nectar at the base of the flower tube.
[Pubmed: 20400457]
| | 17. |
2007 Jan |
Reproductive Biology and Mating System Estimates of Two Andean Melocacti, Melocactus schatzlii and M. andinus (Cactaceae)
Nassar, Ramírez, Lampo, González, Casado, Nava
Ann Bot 2007 Jan;99(1):29-38.
Abstract
The genus Melocactus comprises 36 species of globose cacti with the most derived traits in the Cereeae tribe. It is the proper study system to examine what are the most derived reproductive strategies within that tribe. This study aims to characterize the reproductive biology and to estimate the mating system parameters of two Andean melocacti, Melocactus schatzlii and M. andinus.
[Pubmed: 17085474]
| | 18. |
2010 Apr |
Disturbance and Plant Succession in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of the American Southwest
Abella
Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010 Apr;7(4):1248-1284.
Abstract
Disturbances such as fire, land clearing, and road building remove vegetation and can have major influences on public health through effects on air quality, aesthetics, recreational opportunities, natural resource availability, and economics. Plant recovery and succession following disturbance are poorly understood in arid lands relative to more temperate regions. This study quantitatively reviewed vegetation reestablishment following a variety of disturbances in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of southwestern North America. A total of 47 studies met inclusion criteria for the review. The time estimated by 29 individual studies for full reestablishment of total perennial plant cover was 76 years. Although long, this time was shorter than an estimated 215 years (among 31 individual studies) required for the recovery of species composition typical of undisturbed areas, assuming that recovery remains linear following the longest time since disturbance measurement made by the studies.
[Pubmed: 20617030]
| | 19. |
1982 Jun |
Cardioactive drugs III. Cardioactive amines from Echinocereus blanckii.
Wagner H, Grevel J
Planta Med. 1982 Jun;45(2):95-7.
[Pubmed: 7111482]
| | 20. |
1969 Nov |
Cactaceae alkaloids. VII. Alkaloids of Echinocereus merkeri.
Agurell S, Lundström J, Masoud A
J Pharm Sci. 1969 Nov;58(11):1413-4.
[Pubmed: 5349762]
|
|
